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[TDIH] April 3rd
**1837** - France: Paul Robin lives, in Toulon (VAr). Wrongfully forgotten anarchist educator & néo-Malthusian whose libertarian legacy influences the educators Sébastien Faure & Francisco Ferrer. **1837** - England: Heads Up? 2,000 workers at the Crown & Anchor Tavern, London, declare support for Canadian Patriots. **1849** - Germany: During this month Mikhail Bakunin moves to Dresden. His brochure on "Russian Conditions" appears, as do articles in *Dresdner Zeitung*. Next month a popular uprising breaks out & Bakunin emerges as an "heroic" leader; it also involves Richard Wagner & Heuber. When the rebellion is crushed, Bakunin receives a death sentence. **1894** - England: Dora Winifred Russell-Black lives, in Thornton Heath, Surrey. Humanist & a feminist, joined the freethinking Heretics Society & supported the Suffragette Movement. She also became interested in socialism & pacifism. Companion to philosopher & mathematician Bertrand Russell. **1898** - US: Emma Goldman, continuing her speaking tour of Feb-June, addressing 66 meetings) scheduled to speak in Milwaukee, today & tomorrow. **1912** - Spain: Federico "Taino" Borrell García lives, Benilloba in Alicante. Founder of the local branch of the Libertarian Youth (FIJL) in 1932. FAI militant & during the Spanish Revolution a militiaman in the Columna Alcoiana led by the local anarchist activist, Enrique Vaño Nicomedes. He is best known now by the iconic photo *The Fallen Soldier*, by Robert Capa, which captured his moment of death on September 5, 1936. **1914** - US: During this month Emma Goldman's *The Social Significance of the Modern Drama* published. **1917** - US: American navy sailors in Kansas City destroy the I.W.W. (Industrial Workers of the World) building. Following President Woodrow Wilson's request yesterday for a declaration of war ? but before that declaration is passed ? local police today escort "off duty" military to destroy the IWW trade union headquarters. This action inspires similar terrorist attacks in Detroit, Duluth, & other IWW centers. A "mob" in Butte lynched the part-Indian organizer Frank Little from a railroad trestle on 31 July 1917. As in other industrial nations, officials in the United States, frustrated by the constitutional, legal, & cultural checks on their authority, found extralegal means (the Palmer Raids, Red Scare, etc.) to remove from public discourse those who had broken no law but who disagreed with government policy. **1924** - Emma Goldman, this month, is unable to solicit writing contracts with European & American magazines; she finds mainstream magazines are interested only in her experiences in Russia, thus thwarting her attempts to earn a living. **1924** - Marlon Brando lives, Omaha, Nebraska. **1925** - China: During this month strikes occur in the Japanese-owned textile mills. **1926** - Italy: La legge sull'organizzazione sindacale riconosce solo due confederazioni, una per gli imprenditori e una per i lavoratori, entrambe affidate a dirigenti fascisti. Sono vietati gli scioperi e qualsiasi forma di agitazione sindacale. Viene costituita l'Opera Nazionale Balilla che inquadra i ragazzi dagli 8 ai 12 anni (balilla) e quelli dai 12 ai 18 anni (avanguardisti). Il regime pensa proprio a tutto e a tutti. **1927** - During this month The Black Sun Press is founded by Harry & Caresse Crosby. Their magazine *"Transition"* also first appears. **1930** - April-May, Emma Goldman sends her publisher what she assumes is the last installment of her autobiography ? concluding with her deportation from the United States aboard the Buford ? but Knopf insists on additional chapters covering her years in Russia & Europe. **1931** - Italy: Pietro Secchia, capo del centro interno del Partito Comunista, è arrestato a Torino. Sarà condannato a 18 anni di prigione. **1939** - England: Emma Goldman returns to London: on the trip she meets a group of 50 refugees from Madrid & Valencia & in her final days in London organizes a committee to support them. **1948** - Korea: Cheju April 3rd Massacre. One of the darkest yet least-known chapters of postwar Asian history ? the horrific genocide of 30,000 innocent civilians on Cheju-do between 1948 & 1949. In the space of one year, fully 10% of the island's total population of 300,000 was massacred ? literal Roman decimation. Privately the governor of Cheju told American intelligence at the time that 60,000 were killed. This mass murder, in the guise of an anti-Communist civil war, was undertaken by the South Korean army, the Cheju-do police, & the US military. On August 21, 1998 the Second East Asia Peace & Human Rights Academic Conference was held on the island in commemoration of this mass murder & to help publicize an event hidden from the American public. **1950** - Radical composer Kurt Weill dies, New York City. **1950** - US: Carter Woodson (1875-1950) dies. Black American educator, historian, called the Father of black history, founder of Black History Month. **1954** - US: United Auto Workers (UAW) Local 833 strikes the Kohler bathroom fixtures company in Kohler, Wisconsin. Before the union contract expired, the company prepared for the strike by installing rooftop searchlights & arming guards with shotguns, tear gas, revolvers & thousands of ammunition rounds. The strike did not end until September 1960, when the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) decides the Kohler Company is guilty of refusing to bargain. The company agrees to reinstate 1,400 strikers & pay them 4.5 million dollars in back pay & pension credits. **1963** - US: Martin Luther King, Jr., launches voter registration drive in Birmingham, Alabama, (Home of the Free). Police Chief "Bull" Connor responds with fire hoses & attack dogs. Sit-ins & demos begun by SCLC & volunteers. The progressive city government & Bull will get an injunction to prevent demonstrations on April 11, & King & many others will be jailed on the 12th for violating the injunction. **1963** - France: Achille Daude dies. Trade union activist, anarchist, &, especially, an advocate of cooperatives. Daude contributed to Sébastien Faure's *Anarchist Encyclopaeædia* as well as writing numerous works on cooperatism, food & social questions. **1963** - England: 700 in Budget Day protest against taxation for nuclear arms, House of Commons, London. **1969** - US: 7,000 Illinois National Guardsmen mobilized to quell a wave of shooting, stoning & looting that broke out in black neighborhoods of Chicago in response to police brutality. **1972** - US: Politico Adam Clayton Powell dies, Harlem, New York City. Harlem politico, high liver, nemesis of state bureaucracy. **1974** - US: Patty Hearst announces in a taped message to a Berkeley radio station that she has joined her kidnappers, the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA): >"I would never choose to live the rest of my life surrounded by pigs like the Hearsts" **1980** - US: Congress reinstates the Shvwits, Kanosh, Koosharem, & Indian Peaks & Cedar City bands of Paiute Indians of Utah. **1984** - Italy: Mediterrannean Cruises? Cruise missles announced as operational, Comiso, Sicily. **1989** - US: In Mississippi Choctaw Case, US Supreme Court upholds rights of tribal courts under the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. **2000** - Entheogen psychonaut & futurist shamanarchist, Terence McKenna (1946-2000) dies. Author of *Magic Mushroom Growers Guide*, advocate of the "Stoned Ape" theory of human evolution. **2009** - France: Some 25,000 police are armed & dangerous, convened to whup on the tens of thousands of uninvited protesters attending today's Nato gathering. more