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Basic Guide to Canadian Gun Laws
I'll preface this with: * I am not a lawyer, law enforcement, or anyone else with legal authority * I am relatively new to the sport and by no means an expert. I'm just very studious and enthusiastic. That said, I hope to provide a basic guide to the firearms laws here in Canada since the topic does come up fairly regularly. **What are the firearms classifications?** The current law recognizes three categories of firearm: * Non-restricted: Most long-guns * Restricted: most pistols with barrel length >105mm, some scary-looking rifles, any semi-auto M-16/AR-15 variant * Prohibited: pistols with barrel length <105mm, pistols that shoot .25 or .32 cal ammo, long-guns *altered* to be <660mm in total length, long-guns *altered* to have a barrel length <457mm (while total length is >= 660mm), all fully-automatic firearms (original or modified state) There are other very specific exceptions and additions of which the [RCMP has a list](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/rp-eng.htm). **What is required for licensing?** Firearms licensing is mandatory for anyone (residents and non-residents alike) in Canada who wishes to purchase and possess firearms or ammunition (exceptions are made for law enforcement). Licenses are issued by the [RCMP](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/index-eng.htm) as directed in the [Firearms Act, 1995](http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-11.6/) with final approval at the provincial level by the [Chief Firearms Officers](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/cfo-caf/index-eng.htm). The only license type currently being issued to new applicants is the [Possession and Acquisition License](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_and_Acquisition_Licence) (*PAL*). Licensing is subdivided by the firearms classifications as listed above. When applying for a PAL, one must specify which class of firearms he/she would like to be licensed for. The only options for new applicants are *non-restricted* and *restricted*. Eligibility for prohibited licensing is subject to [additional requirements](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/prohibited-prohibe-eng.htm). There is an excellent [writeup on the PAL on Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession_and_Acquisition_Licence), however I'll outline the basic process here: 1) Attend the Safety Course The first prerequisite to application for a PAL is participation in the [Canadian Firearms Safety Course](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/safe_sur/cour-eng.htm) (CFSC). There are two variants of this course--one for each of *non-restricted* and *restricted* firearms. If applying for a restricted PAL, it's advisable (if not required) to take both non-restricted (CFSC) and restricted (CRFSC) courses. Firearms advocacy groups advise always applying for restricted licensing even if one never intends to purchase restricted firearms. After completing each course, one will be required to write a short exam and complete a practical test demonstrating proper identification of ammunition, safe handling of multiple firearms, and range safety. All handling uses dummy ammunition. Some courses offer a shooting component, but it is not an official part of the CFSC/CRFSC. In some provinces, you will be handed your completion certificates after passing the exams. In other provinces, the instructor will mail the certificates to the RCMP on your behalf. 2) Obtain photo for your PAL application The [Form CAFC 921](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/form-formulaire/num-nom/921-eng.htm) instructions provide direction on what is required for photos. These are not as strict as passport photos and are different size. [Black's](http://www.blacks.ca/) and other photo shops generally are aware of the size requirements for firearms license applications. 3) Complete PAL application Fill out [Form CAFC 921](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/form-formulaire/num-nom/921-eng.htm) and have your references sign off. Remember if applying for *restricted* licensing the *only* acceptable reason you can supply when asked to provide your reason for owning a firearm is "target shooting". "Defense" is not considered a suitable primary purpose in Canada. If applying for non-restricted, the only viable reasons are "target shooting," "hunting." 4) Mail in your application and course completion certificates Mail your application in to the Canadian Firearms Centre. From the time the RCMP receives your application you will have a *minimum* of 28 days (average of 45 days). If they have to wait for your course instructors to mail your certificates to them the wait could be considerably longer. There is an [official website](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/online_en-ligne/app_dem-eng.htm) on which you can check your application status. There is an excellent thread about shortening PAL wait times on [CanadianGunNutz](http://www.canadiangunnutz.com/forum/showthread.php?t=464083) (account required--highly recommended). 5) Rejoice! **Do I need to join a range?** This is an optional step for those who want to purchase *non-restricted* firearms exclusively for hunting. For *restricted* firearms, since you will have stated in your phone interview that you intend to use them for "target shooting," you *will need to join* a range or shooting club. Protip: If you want to ensure that your Chief Firearms Officer doesn't hold up your first purchases, send a fax of your membership card to the CFO in your province (along with your PAL #) as proof of your range membership. **How do I purchase firearms?** For non-restricted, it's as simple as walking into a firearms store, presenting your PAL and money, waiting briefly while the online transfer is processed and walking out with a new gun. Between individuals, the telephone transfer is simplest. Details are provided [here](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/fs-fd/sell-vendre-eng.htm). For *restricted* firearms it's slightly more complex. The transfer must generally be completed by telephone or mail ([form CAFC-679](http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/form-formulaire/num-nom/679-eng.htm)) which means only during weekdays when the CFO is open. The transfer of registration is the same, however many (most) provinces will require the purchaser to have proof of range membership before completing the transfer. Once complete, the purchaser must apply for a short-term Authorization to Transport (next section) in order to get the firearm home. Additionally, the firearm must be transported according to the law (later in this writeup). **Tell me about ATTs** All *restricted* firearms require the owner to have an Authorization to Transport (ATT) granted by the provincial Chief Firearms Officer. While there's no official distinction, there are two decidedly separate types of ATT: * Short-term (STATT): generally these apply for a single day or short duration allowing one to deliver or receive a restricted firearm from the store or post-office. These can also be obtained to visit (and return from) a specific range, gunsmith, or border-crossing. * Long-term (LTATT): allows (at minimum) regular trips to and from the range at which one is a member. Generally Western provinces grant more relaxed LTATTs allowing regular trips to any range, gunsmith, or border-crossing in the province. Depending on province, LTATTs have a duration of 1 to 5 years (typically as short as one's range membership duration or as long as the time until one's PAL expires). The specifics of obtaining a Long-term ATT vary province to province. In Ontario, when you become a member of a range that range will apply to the provincial CFO for an ATT on your behalf. In Alberta and BC, the LTATT will be created by the CFO when you transfer the registration on your first restricted firearm. When you complete transfer of a restricted firearm you should request your Short-term ATT so you can pick up the firearm and take it home. You will have to specify the date you wish to pick up the firearm. You cannot pick up the firearm until you have a copy of the ATT in your hands. All retailers will require you to present your STATT before they'll release a firearm to you. **What are the transport and storage requirements?** The exact law (in reasonably plain speech) is [here](http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-98-209/index.html). Transport requirements: * Non-restricted: *unloaded*. If left in vehicle unattended it must be locked in the trunk (if the vehicle has one), or locked in the vehicle hidden from sight. * Restricted: *unloaded*. Rendered inoperable by means of a secure locking device (trigger lock or a cable lock). *Locked* in a hard, opaque container that cannot be easily broken into. If left in vehicle unattended the container must be locked in the trunk (if the vehicle has one), or locked in the vehicle hidden from sight. Storage Requirements: * Non-restricted: *unloaded*. Rendered inoperable (locking device or bolt-removal) *OR* stored in a secure, locked container or room. * Restricted: *unloaded*. Rendered inoperable by secure locking device *AND* stored in a secure, locked room, vault, container, or safe. It can be stored without a secure locking device provided the vault, safe, or room containing it was built or modified specifically for the secure storage of restricted firearms and is kept securely locked. Firearms must be inaccessible to and stored separately from ammo unless both are stored in a container, room, safe, or vault that is kept securely locked and cannot easily be broken into. [Continued below](http://www.reddit.com/r/guns/comments/gw5yy/basic_guide_to_canadian_gun_laws/c1qpvof) more